Research Article
The Double-Edged Sword of 5G: Weighing Its Advantages and Environmental Effects
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2024
Pages:
123-129
Received:
29 April 2024
Accepted:
24 May 2024
Published:
30 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijees.20240906.11
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Abstract: 5G is the fifth-generation technology in which the cellular mobile companies started deploying globally in 2019 to raise speed, decrease latency (the time interval required for any device to demand a request from a server and receive a response), and allow more mobile devices to access the internet simultaneously due to the greater bandwidth 5G provides. When comparing the 5G technology to the previous generation, 4G, the 5G networks are expected to be much faster than 4G to be as close to the real time communication. While taking into consideration the huge benefits of the fifth-generation technology that outweigh the previous generations, are those advantages sufficient for the deployment of the 5G? Are not there any negative influences that may result from the usage of the new technologies in the 5G’s development? The fundamental components of the 5G’s network are the millimeter (mm) waves because it provides access to the large bandwidth and capacity available in the high frequency band, and the small cells that are located for providing targeted coverage in specific spaces. These newly-used components raise myriad inquiries that are a must to be answered: do those technologies have any negative effects on the individuals, birds, animals, and environment? That's what motivated the researcher to do an extensive research and work on finding answers to these essential inquiries.
Abstract: 5G is the fifth-generation technology in which the cellular mobile companies started deploying globally in 2019 to raise speed, decrease latency (the time interval required for any device to demand a request from a server and receive a response), and allow more mobile devices to access the internet simultaneously due to the greater bandwidth 5G pro...
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Review Article
Climate-smart Agriculture and Agricultural Diversification Effects on Productivity and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia
Getu Mitiku Bekuma*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2024
Pages:
130-142
Received:
7 December 2024
Accepted:
20 December 2024
Published:
31 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijees.20240906.12
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Views:
Abstract: Climate-smart agriculture is the term for adaptations aimed at boosting agricultural production to support higher incomes and food security while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing farmers' resilience to climate change. Mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture, crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock management, agroforestry, better grazing, and enhanced water management are examples of effective CSA techniques used in Ethiopia. To minimize vulnerability, marketing risks, income, and biological instability, farmers grow multiple crops on a given plot of land each year. This practice is known as agricultural diversification, and it is an important part of the decision-making process a farmer uses to minimize the risk of agricultural production. This review analysis was based on a thorough examination of published works that were retrieved from Google Scholar and several online resources. Numerous studies have demonstrated that age, gender, family size, wealth, membership in agricultural organizations, land ownership, and educational attainment all have a common impact on smallholder farmers' adoption of climate-smart farming techniques. Conversely, impediments or contributing elements that hinder the implementation of climate-smart agriculture have been noted. These obstacles might be either non-physical (software) or tangible (hardware). Infrastructure, funds, equipment, land, and people resources are some of the physical impediments. In addition, the institutional, cultural, policy, and regulatory contexts; information, knowledge, and skills; technologies and innovations; and governance are some of the non-physical or software impediments. Lastly, it was strongly advised to promote CSA techniques that are affordable cost and easily implement for larger smallholder farmers. The policy supportive strategies ought to focus on design in Climate Smart practices that are environmental and economically easily implemented at smallholder farmers conditions.
Abstract: Climate-smart agriculture is the term for adaptations aimed at boosting agricultural production to support higher incomes and food security while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing farmers' resilience to climate change. Mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture, crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock management, agroforestry,...
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