Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa; Egah Daniel Zanyu; Badung Bitrus Pam; Danung Monday

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa, Egah Daniel Zanyu, Badung Bitrus Pam, Danung Monday

Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 11 December 2013 Published: 30 December 2013

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Abstract

Background: Rubella is a mild illness with most cases goes undiagnosed because of its sub clinical nature. However, the disease poses serious threat such as congenital rubella defects, abortions, and still birth if a pregnant woman contracted the infection during her first trimester. Unfortunately lack of sufficient data on its prevalence and incidence with unavailability of rubella vaccines in our antenatal clinics is of great dangers to our sero-negative women with their unborn babies. Objective: To determine the sero-prevalence of rubella IgG within the two Nigerian communities. Methods: Two hundred and sixty seven (267) pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mangu and Pankshin General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics were screened for Rubella IgG using ELISA Test kit (Globalemed, Alexandria VA USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Questionnaires were also used to obtain other vital bio-data of patients and results analyzed using SPSS version, 13.0 statistical software package. Results: Out of all the samples screened, 247(92.51%) were seropositive for rubella IgG. Rubella IgG was detected in all age groups and occupational status considered and the results indicated a significant relation with the presence of the antibody (P<0.05). So also, Rubella IgG was also detected from all the different parity groups, some socio-cultural variables, probable clinical manifestations and location. However, the results indicated that there were no significant relationships between the presence of the antibody with these variables (P>0.05).Conclusion: This work indicates that most of the women screened (92.51%) were already immune due to natural exposure to the virus. The remaining 7.49% needs to be protected from being infected with the virus especially during the first trimester of pregnancy which can result to congenital defects with fatal consequences. As such, there is need for more sero-surveys on rubella in the country to support the advocacy for the inclusion of rubella vaccination in the National Programme on Immunization (NPI).

Published in	European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
Page(s)	58-62
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rubella, Pregnant Women, Two Nigerian Communities

References

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[2]	Sallam TA, Raja’a YA, Benbrake MS, Al-Shaibani KS, Al-Hababh AA.Prevalence of rubella antibodies among school girls in Sana’a Republic of Yemen. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal.2003; 9(1-2):148-51.
[3]	CDC. Rubella (German measles). Immunization information-Rubella (German measles) Overview.1995. http://www. babybag. com / articles/ cdc.htm. Accessed on: 12th August, 2012.
[4]	Ballal M, Banger RP, Sherive AA and Bairy I. Seroprevalence of rubella in BOH cases-A 5 year study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India.2007; 57 (5): 407-409.
[5]	Frank F, David OW. Rubella: Medical Virology. 2nd edition. Academic press, New York, 1976, Pp 439-448.
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[8]	Ezeke E, Jocelyn YA. Pediatric Rubella - eMedicine World Medical Library - Medscape http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/968523-overview.Accessed on: 10th October, 2013.
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[10]	Cutts FT, Robertson SE, Diaz-Oretega JL, Samuel R. Control of rubella and congenital syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, part 1: the burden of disease from CRS.Bulletin of the world Health Organization.1997; 75 (1): 55-56.
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[13]	National Bureau of Statistics. Annual abstract of statistics, 2010.FederalRepublicof Nigeria.www.nigeriastat.gov.ng /pages/download/71. Accessed on: 10th October, 2012.
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[15]	Nimzing L, Bakmi G, Dimas D. Serological Evidence of Rubella IgG Anti bodies in Pregnant Women in Jos. Nigerian Journal of Scientific Research.2005; 5 (2): 53-55
[16]	Adewumi MO, Olusanya RB, Oladunjoye BA, Adeniji JA. Rubella IgG Antibody Among Nigerian Pregnant Women Without Vaccination History. Afr J Cln Exper Microbiol .2013; 14(1): 40-44. Available at: http://www.ajol.info/journals/ajcem
[17]	Gomwalk NE, Ahmad AA. Prevalence of rubella antibodies on the Africa continent. Review of Infectious Disease.1989; 11 (1): 116-121.
[18]	Bukbuk DN, el Nafaty AV, Obed JY. Prevalence of rubella specific IgG antibody in non immunized pregnant women in Maiduguri North Eastern Nigeria. Central European Journal of Public Health.2002; 10 (1-2): 21-23.
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[20]	Agbede OO, Adeyemi OO, Olatinwo AWO, Salisu TJ, Kolawole OM. Sero-Prevalence of Antenatal Rubella in UITH. The Open Public Health Journal. 2011; 4: 10-16

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APA Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa, Egah Daniel Zanyu, Badung Bitrus Pam, Danung Monday. (2013). Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1(3), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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ACS Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa; Egah Daniel Zanyu; Badung Bitrus Pam; Danung Monday. Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 1(3), 58-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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AMA Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa, Egah Daniel Zanyu, Badung Bitrus Pam, Danung Monday. Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. Eur J Prev Med. 2013;1(3):58-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12,
  author = {Bigwan Emmanuel Isa and Egah Daniel Zanyu and Badung Bitrus Pam and Danung Monday},
  title = {Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {58-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  abstract = {Background: Rubella is a mild illness with most cases goes undiagnosed because of its sub clinical nature. However, the disease poses serious threat such as congenital rubella defects, abortions, and still birth if a pregnant woman contracted the infection during her first trimester. Unfortunately lack of sufficient data on its prevalence and incidence with unavailability of rubella vaccines in our antenatal clinics is of great dangers to our sero-negative women with their unborn babies. Objective: To determine the sero-prevalence of rubella IgG within the two Nigerian communities. Methods: Two hundred and sixty seven (267) pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mangu and Pankshin General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics were screened for Rubella IgG using ELISA Test kit (Globalemed, Alexandria VA USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Questionnaires were also used to obtain other vital bio-data of patients and results analyzed using SPSS version, 13.0 statistical software package. Results: Out of all the samples screened, 247(92.51%) were seropositive for rubella IgG. Rubella IgG was detected in all age groups and occupational status considered and the results indicated a significant relation with the presence of the antibody (P0.05).Conclusion: This work indicates that most of the women screened (92.51%) were already immune due to natural exposure to the virus. The remaining 7.49% needs to be protected from being infected with the virus especially during the first trimester of pregnancy which can result to congenital defects with fatal consequences. As such, there is need for more sero-surveys on rubella in the country to support the advocacy for the inclusion of rubella vaccination in the National Programme on Immunization (NPI).},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria
AU  - Bigwan Emmanuel Isa
AU  - Egah Daniel Zanyu
AU  - Badung Bitrus Pam
AU  - Danung Monday
Y1  - 2013/12/30
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 58
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
AB  - Background: Rubella is a mild illness with most cases goes undiagnosed because of its sub clinical nature. However, the disease poses serious threat such as congenital rubella defects, abortions, and still birth if a pregnant woman contracted the infection during her first trimester. Unfortunately lack of sufficient data on its prevalence and incidence with unavailability of rubella vaccines in our antenatal clinics is of great dangers to our sero-negative women with their unborn babies. Objective: To determine the sero-prevalence of rubella IgG within the two Nigerian communities. Methods: Two hundred and sixty seven (267) pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mangu and Pankshin General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics were screened for Rubella IgG using ELISA Test kit (Globalemed, Alexandria VA USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Questionnaires were also used to obtain other vital bio-data of patients and results analyzed using SPSS version, 13.0 statistical software package. Results: Out of all the samples screened, 247(92.51%) were seropositive for rubella IgG. Rubella IgG was detected in all age groups and occupational status considered and the results indicated a significant relation with the presence of the antibody (P0.05).Conclusion: This work indicates that most of the women screened (92.51%) were already immune due to natural exposure to the virus. The remaining 7.49% needs to be protected from being infected with the virus especially during the first trimester of pregnancy which can result to congenital defects with fatal consequences. As such, there is need for more sero-surveys on rubella in the country to support the advocacy for the inclusion of rubella vaccination in the National Programme on Immunization (NPI).
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Jos, P.M.B.2084, Nigeria
Egah Daniel Zanyu

Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria
Badung Bitrus Pam

Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria
Danung Monday

Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria

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APA Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa, Egah Daniel Zanyu, Badung Bitrus Pam, Danung Monday. (2013). Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1(3), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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ACS Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa; Egah Daniel Zanyu; Badung Bitrus Pam; Danung Monday. Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 1(3), 58-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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AMA Style

Bigwan Emmanuel Isa, Egah Daniel Zanyu, Badung Bitrus Pam, Danung Monday. Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria. Eur J Prev Med. 2013;1(3):58-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12,
  author = {Bigwan Emmanuel Isa and Egah Daniel Zanyu and Badung Bitrus Pam and Danung Monday},
  title = {Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {58-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20130103.12},
  abstract = {Background: Rubella is a mild illness with most cases goes undiagnosed because of its sub clinical nature. However, the disease poses serious threat such as congenital rubella defects, abortions, and still birth if a pregnant woman contracted the infection during her first trimester. Unfortunately lack of sufficient data on its prevalence and incidence with unavailability of rubella vaccines in our antenatal clinics is of great dangers to our sero-negative women with their unborn babies. Objective: To determine the sero-prevalence of rubella IgG within the two Nigerian communities. Methods: Two hundred and sixty seven (267) pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mangu and Pankshin General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics were screened for Rubella IgG using ELISA Test kit (Globalemed, Alexandria VA USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Questionnaires were also used to obtain other vital bio-data of patients and results analyzed using SPSS version, 13.0 statistical software package. Results: Out of all the samples screened, 247(92.51%) were seropositive for rubella IgG. Rubella IgG was detected in all age groups and occupational status considered and the results indicated a significant relation with the presence of the antibody (P0.05).Conclusion: This work indicates that most of the women screened (92.51%) were already immune due to natural exposure to the virus. The remaining 7.49% needs to be protected from being infected with the virus especially during the first trimester of pregnancy which can result to congenital defects with fatal consequences. As such, there is need for more sero-surveys on rubella in the country to support the advocacy for the inclusion of rubella vaccination in the National Programme on Immunization (NPI).},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seroepidemiology of Rubella IgG among Unvaccinated Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics from Two Rural Communities in Plateau State, Nigeria
AU  - Bigwan Emmanuel Isa
AU  - Egah Daniel Zanyu
AU  - Badung Bitrus Pam
AU  - Danung Monday
Y1  - 2013/12/30
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 58
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20130103.12
AB  - Background: Rubella is a mild illness with most cases goes undiagnosed because of its sub clinical nature. However, the disease poses serious threat such as congenital rubella defects, abortions, and still birth if a pregnant woman contracted the infection during her first trimester. Unfortunately lack of sufficient data on its prevalence and incidence with unavailability of rubella vaccines in our antenatal clinics is of great dangers to our sero-negative women with their unborn babies. Objective: To determine the sero-prevalence of rubella IgG within the two Nigerian communities. Methods: Two hundred and sixty seven (267) pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mangu and Pankshin General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics were screened for Rubella IgG using ELISA Test kit (Globalemed, Alexandria VA USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Questionnaires were also used to obtain other vital bio-data of patients and results analyzed using SPSS version, 13.0 statistical software package. Results: Out of all the samples screened, 247(92.51%) were seropositive for rubella IgG. Rubella IgG was detected in all age groups and occupational status considered and the results indicated a significant relation with the presence of the antibody (P0.05).Conclusion: This work indicates that most of the women screened (92.51%) were already immune due to natural exposure to the virus. The remaining 7.49% needs to be protected from being infected with the virus especially during the first trimester of pregnancy which can result to congenital defects with fatal consequences. As such, there is need for more sero-surveys on rubella in the country to support the advocacy for the inclusion of rubella vaccination in the National Programme on Immunization (NPI).
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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